I’ll admit that when the iPad first came out last year I was sorely disappointed. I wanted a tablet Mac similar to the tablet PCs struggling to gain in popularity. I wanted a full computer with USB ports, a physical keyboard, a large touch-screen display, and a large hard drive. I still want USB ports, but that’s another story. I did seriously look at the Xoom and set out to test one as soon as they came out. While the iPad gets a huge end cap display at the local Best Buy, the Xoom is hidden around GPS devices and printers. But, given the price, the fact that every benefit the Xoom has over the iPad is TBD (to be delivered), that the iPad just works easier… well, it was no contest. So, here I am, using the iPad to consume various content items for reading and here’s what I found:

• Comics: While not a huge comic book fan, I do enjoy the occasional comic book or graphic novel – but I didn’t want to read them on my iPhone, it’s just too small to see the images and read the dialog bubbles. My assumption that the iPad would be the perfect for reading comics turned out to be correct. It’s absolutely beautiful. My only complaint is that I need so many different comic book apps to read the limited numbers of titles I enjoy. Most of them have overlapping catalogs, but some titles are only available with certain readers. I currently use Dark Horse, Comics+, DC Comics, and Comics (by Comixology). I would use the Digital Comics app, which looks like it has the best interface, but it crashes every time I load it. The prices for individual books are very reasonable (free to $3, with $1 being a popular price). As a comic book reader, the iPad excels. I don’t see buying many physical comic books in the future.
• Newspapers: I subscribe to the physical versions of The Wall Street Journal, its sister publication Barron’s, The Economist, and the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Working from home, I also have the ability to read these publications – usually at lunch or a few minutes before starting my day. However, since getting the iPad and the various apps for WSJ, The Economist, Barron’s, The Financial Times, and aggregators like Flipboard I find myself picking up the physical versions less and less. Being a slow riser, I now read a bit of the Journal or other news sources before I even get out of bed. This is powerful, and marks a paradigm shift for print publications like never before. Local newspaper organizations simply must embrace the iPad, Android, Playbook, and the eventual Windows tablets or face extinction.  For instance, the FW Star-Telegram does not have an iPad app, while its competitor the Dallas Morning News does.  I hope they rectify that soon because I will be changing my print subscriptions to digital or weekend only.  For short-form reading the iPad is fast, responsive, immersive, and beautiful.
• Magazines: In my experience, magazines are ironically not as good on the iPad as newspapers – at least so far.  I found the Wired Magazine app, for instance, to be cumbersome and confusing and decidedly not worth the price of each issues or the crazy amount of space each issue takes up (over 300 MB).  They did have some features like video, which contributes greatly to that download size, but mostly the app is linear and does not fully embrace the platform.  Since the issue is completely downloaded you can read it offline, but in the end I deleted this app.  The National Geographic app is beautiful, but again too linear.  For instance, the table of contents does not link to the stories – the user needs to essentially page through the issue, though you can use thumbnails.  Both of these apps lack a annual subscription or the ability to link a physical subscription to the digital version.  For that, I blame Apple.  In comparison, the Kindle has gotten better at magazines and other books with pictures, but it still has the limitations of the e-ink display which essentially means no color and relatively slow paging.  For instance, I subscribe to Fortune Magazine for $2.29/month on the Kindle and the images are really food for monochrome, but they’re not great.
• Documents:While the Kindle can handle PDF documents and a few other formats by sending them through Amazon, the Kindle clearly lacks in this area. PDF documents are not resized correctly when loaded directly and the requirement to e-mail documents to Amazon for converting to their format is simply ridiculous. The iPad, however, excels in this area. Apps like Documents to Go, File Browser, Bookman, PDFReader, and Quickoffice make the transferring and reading of documents – even the creation of Microsoft Office documents a snap.  For my course work this allows me to read the provided PDF files very easily – even pulling them from my Windows computer over the Wi-Fi. This now frees me to read these documents just about anywhere, without needing to squint while reading them on my iPhone, which is good when I need to reference something quickly, but not for studying material for the first time. Likewise, navigating around documents, while not as efficient as using a PC or Mac, is a lot simpler and faster on the iPad over my Kindle.
• Books: What is an e-reader without books?  As previously mentioned, I love my Kindle but find it lacking for magazines, textbooks, and other books which rely on images or diagrams.  I’ve owned a Kindle since the day they were announced (and had it in my hand the day after).  My wife also owns one and we share books between our Kindles, Kindle apps on our computers, iPhones, and now my iPad.  I also have iBooks, Google Books, and Safari To Go apps.  The iPad opens up my book choices to books which are not yet available on the Kindle, although this is a small subset of the total ebooks out there.  For subscription based books like those I read through Safari the iPad is great, particular for series like the Head First books which rely heavily on graphics.  However, when it comes to long form reading of pure text, the iPad can strain my eyes.  Staring into a flash light is simply not as relaxing as reading a physical book or the Kindle.  Using my Kindle I read faster than a physical book, yet on the iPad I read slower.  I also discovered a disturbing disadvantage for using the iPad to read books: insomnia.  Most of my reading occurs in bed as I settle in for sleep, barring the occasional great story I can’t put down, reading helps me go to sleep almost every night.  In my tests with using the iPad rather than the Kindle for this purpose I found myself laying awake until 3 AM, hours after I put the device down and turned off all my lights.  It turns out, I’m not alone because bright LCD displays can trick your brain into thinking its daytime. Not to mention the traits Amazon highlights, such as reading in daylight itself. Reading a Kindle is as close to reading an actual paper book as electronics can get, and for that I will always be a fan and evangelist (well that, and the unlimited sharing of books between Kindles attached to the same account, as opposed to the limits imposed by other e-readers).

Before I conclude, a discussion of the iPad as an e-reader is not complete without a discussion of Apple’s unreasonable 30% rake of content sellers.  Just this week BeamItDown has closed down its iFlow book reader.  The books they sold cost them 70% and Apple took the remaining 30%, leaving no money for iFlow to pay its employees or bills.  My feeling is that iFlow won’t be the last victim of this practice and anti-trust action may follow if Apple does not voluntarily change the policy.  Apparently, they are already handing out exemptions to favored companies, which actually makes the practice seem even more underhanded.  For the iPad to remain a serious e-reader contender I believe the 30% take of subscriptions and purchases needs to change.

Overall, the iPad is a great platform for reading and consuming content.  I find it particular great for comics, newspapers, and graphic heavy books like textbooks and Head First books.  I love the flexibility of the device and just how simply gorgeous the display shines with bright and crisp colors.  I will continue to rely on my Kindle for long-form reading of most books and never see myself switching to any LCD based e-reader for that purpose (even a future Kindle).  Just like I eagerly awaited a good e-ink device to read books I now eagerly await a device using Mirasol or some other color display which does not shine  a light in my face.  For video and highly interactive reading I will now rely on my iPad.

Update 2012-01-27: Magazines now rock on the iPad.  I use Newsstand to keep track of several magazines I formerly read in physical form.  They aren’t as huge as the Wired issues, and are easy to use.  For PDFs I know use GoodNotes for reading, annotating, and highlight PDFs.  This is very useful when combined with a Dropbox account.

30 years ago a package shipped from the heart of China would take several weeks to arrive in suburban Dallas-Fort Worth – not to mention the fact that we wouldn’t even conceive of wanting a high tech item from the heart of China.   We would only ever think of such items coming from American manufacturers.

Five years ago e-books were a novelty.  I bought a copy of Kim Stanley Robinson’s The Years of Rice and Salt from Amazon e-books several years ago.  As it turns out, a PC is not a great device for “long form” reading.  It’s easy to get distracted because sitting at a keyboard is not a passive activity.  The PC does not “disappear” – a key feature of traditional books according to Amazon’s CEO Jeff Bezos.  I certainly found this to be true and I never finished reading the book on the PC, though I loved it.  I followed e-ink news as soon as the black & white easy reading display was demonstrated, though the Sony Reader didn’t draw me in.  The day Amazon announced the Kindle I ordered one (overnight) and have used a Kindle almost every day since.  My wife now has one too and we share books (we also have much lighter luggage when we travel to Houston to visit my family every month or so).

I love my Kindle.  It is the reading mode of choice in our home.  We each download tons of samples and share books (both Kindles are on the same account).  I also do occasional reading of my books via the app on the iPhone or PC.  I must admit that in a book store I check to see if the book is available for the Kindle first.  Price is a secondary, though nice, consideration.  I used to only buy Kindle books if they were cheaper than the physical book, but now I would pay the same price.  I do seek physical books for certain types of text, such as diagram heavy books or books where the physical size or shape is an important feature.  For my son, physical books are very important.

Both the manufacture of the iPad (and likely the Kindle) as well as the e-book revolution really get under the skin of Representative Jesse Jackson Jr.: http://bit.ly/hj9uP4 and http://bit.ly/f6Wkck.  Jackson sees American jobs lost in both manufacturing and publishing (at least the physical paper side)  and believes this ruins the American economy.

I’m guessing he’s never read Thomas Friedman’s The World is Flat or Richard Florida’s The Rise of the Creative Class.  Both of the works lift up the creative and innovation sides of the American economy – areas we continue to excel in compared with the rest of the world.  The time when Americans could sit back and stop learning and stop innovating themselves is over.  It’s harsh to say, but no business and no industry has a right to success or even survival (looking at you, General Motors).  Printing books in mass, as opposed to on-demand, may go the way of medieval scribes or horse buggy manufacturers.  Holding on the industries who were successful in the past holds back the rest of the economy (Joseph Schumpeter’s creative destruction).

And jobs lost to foreign manufacturers?  If the iPad were built in the U.S. it would cost considerably more.  Fewer sold.  Fewer people employed in Cupertino, California or your local Apple Store (or Best Buy, or Wal-mart, etc…).  Price savings on one item allow other items to be bought.  If an iPad cost $300 more, but was made in the U.S. then I would have $300 less money or spend on other items and services.  Buying e-books means more authors get exposure and again, I have more money with which the purchase their books.

This is why I believe in retraining programs and teaching innovating and critical thinking.  The benefits of globalization can be shared if approached logically. Unfortunately, No Child Left Behind actually causes schools to deemphasize these things in favor of rote memorization of facts, but that’s another story.  We need to focus on meeting the labor demands of the market we have rather than trying to shape the market in a less productive direction.

APA

Normally, using APA style, you would make an in-text citation for a book with this format:

(Author’s last name, Publication year, page number), e.g. (Smith, 1981, p. 56).

As previously mentioned, a Kindle does not give us page numbers.  So, what does APA say about such circumstances?  For electronic works without page numbers, APA actually allows for using the paragraph after some heading or using chapters and sections.

For a citation in my paper on virtual teams from Talent Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else by Geoff Colvin I used the following in-text citation:

(Covin, 2008, Ch. 2 ¶2)

The text is found after the Chapter 2 heading in the second paragraph.  This method is preferrable to using the location indicator given by the Kindle itself for the following reasons:

1. Kindle location is inprecise, unless you’re only looking at the citation on the screen.
2. This is more precise than merely saying “Chapter 2″.
3. “Chapter 2, Paragraph 2″ can be used to find the text in question no matter what format or edition of the book is used.

The bibliography entry for the book looks like:

Colvin, Geoff. (2008).  Talent is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else.  New York, NY: Portfolio. Kindle Ed.

It is important to indicate that the work is a Kindle edition.  While the in-text citation is actually more portable than the normal in-text citation, academic readers will not assume you a referring to an electronic text and may just think you don’t know what you’re doing.

Update: Here’s a blog entry at APA from September 3, 2009 which agrees with my suggestion quite a bit, with slight differences.

MLA

MLA advises mentioning the author and title of the work in the sentence rather than using a parenthetical citation for Internet and electronic works.  If you do use a parenthetical citation, MLA only requires the name of the author.  However, this will likely cause some frustration on the part of the paper’s reviewer.  I would suggest:

(Author’s last name, section-paragraph), e.g. (Colvin, Ch. 2 ¶2).

The paragraph number is optional, but I always prefer to error on the side of verbosity.

For your bibliography, use this format:

Colvin, Geoff. Talent is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else. New York: Portfolio, 2008. Kindle.

Turabian

Turabian actually allows either parenthetical in-text citation or footnotes or endnotes.  If you use a footnote or endnote, simply insert the appropriate superscript number (MS Word and other word processors do this automatically when you insert a footnote/endnote).  In the footnote/endnote section use this format (continuing with our previous example):

1. Geoff Colvin, Talent is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else (New York: Portfolio, 2008), Chapter 2 ¶2.

In this case, the paragraph is optional, as in MLA, but again – more information is better.  This is especially true when dealing with a new medium.

The bibliography entry would look like:

Colvin, Geoff. Talent is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else. New York: Portfolio, 2008.

When using parenthetical in-text references the format is similar to APA, except for the lack of punctuation between the author and year:

(Colvin 2008, Ch. 2 ¶2)

When using this format, the bibliography entry actaully changes to this:

Colvin, Geoff. 2008. Talent is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else. New York: Portfolio.

Warning

I am not an official source.  I am merely an indepedent scholar dealing with a situation and sharing my solution.  Please check with the body governing your research paper and be sure to continue to check for updates from APA, MLA, or Turabian.  Certainly, you’ll need to look at how they deal with multiple authors, journals, etc… and adapt my suggestions as needed.

UPDATE: On the latest generation Kindle and software for other devices some books now have page numbers corresponding to the physical version of the book.  This is huge and will negate the need for using locations on citations as this feature becomes more widespread.  It’s about time!

Why do we care?

There are a couple of reasons that I see:

1. The novel itself has been widely successful. We love a good conspiracy theory and puzzle. The book is a good read and very enjoyable whether you’re on an airplane, reclining on a beach, or curled up on your couch. The ideas presented are interesting and the style is riveting. Word-of-mouth about The Da Vinci Code spread like it has for few books in the age of television, movies in HD, and multi-million dollar budget videogames.
2. Dan Brown did not come up with the idea of Jesus fathering a child on his own. There is a body of supporting works out there. If you haven’t heard by now, much of the research concerning the theory that Jesus fathered a child who then grew up in the south of France is found in the book, Holy Blood, Holy Grail written by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln – published in 1983. In addition to that work there is a lot of buzz around the Gnostic Gospels, ideas about Leonardo da Vinci’s heresy, and various other aspects of the novel which Brown interweaves masterfully. I had to laugh at the recent lawsuit by the authors of Holy Blood, Holy Grail because their book was out of print and no longer discussed until the 2003 release of Brown’s book. Instead of suing Brown, they should have thrown him a party. Their book is back in print and selling off the shevles almost as quickly as Brown’s novel did.
3. People like to stick it to the establishment. In our postmodern world, the Church (especially the Roman Catholic Church) – with its anachronistic rules and ideas about gender – is a ripe target for criticism. The Da Vinci Code puts forth a plausible explanation for why women have been given a smaller role in Western Civilization and Christainity. It brings postmodern senisbilities to bear on the ancient traditions and roots of Christainity, and the Catholic Church specifically.

When you add all that together with the bold claims on the very first page of the book, before the story even begins that much of what we are about to read is fact. Dan Brown himself claimed in an interview that had he written a non-fiction book, the story would have been same except for the suspenseful story concerning his own fictious characters of Langdon, Sophie, Teabing, etc… And to be sure, some of it is. Facts are woven together with fiction and placed so close to other facts that they appear related when they are indeed completely unrelated. The tapestry of facts and fiction creates a truly remarkable story that draws the reader in and may lead some believers to believe things to be true which are actually false. The things that people are lead to believe slander not just one denomination but a whole institution that has been central to the development of Western Civilization. This is why people write and read articles and books on this one particular novel. We want to know if what we read is true and we want to show others what we know of the facts behind the story.

Areas of Inaccuracy

Brown does base much of the facts in the novel on things that do happen to be true, though some are half true. Still, many of the locations and ideas presented in the novel are accurate. Through my reading both before and after I read the novel I have found several inaccuracies:

• The Priory of Scion: During the Crusades the Knights Templar was an actual monastic martial organization (a fancy way of saying that they were holy knights). And, within that organiztion there was an “Order of Sion”. However, all historical documents say that the whole organiztion ended when the French monarchy and the Catholic leadership decided to claim the Templar assests for themselves. The Templars became rich through one principal method: pilgrims heading to the Holy Land would deposit funds with the Knights and could withdraw that sum minus a fee in the Holy Land or vice versa (they carried an encrypted promissary note with them). This enabled people to travel with out the fear that their money would be stolen by bandits. The Dossiers Secrets, which was deposited in the Bibliothque Nationale (the French version of the Library of Congress) in 1975 claims to list the leadership of the Priory of Sion from the middle ages until the modern era. (Ironic that this secret society needed some public record.) Just about every important (male!) figure from Europe is listed as a former grand master of this organization. Most scholars attribute the creation of these documents to a man named Pierre Plantard, a plumber who registered the Priory of Sion as an organization in France in 1956 and later proclaimed that he was the current grand master of the Priory and the descendant of the Merovingian line. He tied his story to that of a priest at Rennes-le-Château named Bérenger Saunière who mysteriously amassed a fortune while working as a humble priest there. We now know that the priest did not get paid off by the Catholic Church to keep quiet as presented in Holy Blood, Holy Grail – but took money for religous services that he never gave (sometimes thousands in one year). The whole idea of a modern Priory of Sion is a matter of a creative hoax perpetrated by Plantard himself. Incidentally, the name Saunière is used as the name of Sophie’s grandfather in the novel.
• Mary Magdalene: Magdalene is introduced in the Gospel of Luke (Chapter 8 ) after an unamed woman is introduced who is assumed to have have committed a sexual sin. The early Church did not think of her as a prostitute, but Pope Gregory the Great linked these two women in a sermon in the year 591 AD (or CE if you prefer). I will not assign motives to Gregory’s action, but the view of women in the Church was not high at the time and it is certainly plausible that he was seeking to diminish Magdalene’s role and prominence in the Gospel. I will be exploring the hows and whys of that in a later post. Mary Magdalene was one of Jesus’s most faithful disciples, and, according to the gospel accounts, one of the first people in history to proclaim that Jesus had been resurrected. There is nothing in the gospels from the Bible that indicates the relationship between Magdalene and Jesus was more than that of a disciple. I will address the Gnostic Gospel account next. There is a legend of two or three Mary’s landing in the south of France during the First Century – at Les Saintes Maries de la Mer. The girl, Sara, who travelled with them was indentified in Holy Blood, Holy Grail as the daughter of Magdalene and Jesus, but is described in the local stories as an Egyptian slave girl. You can see a church built at the site and a statue of the girl here. As to Magdalene appearing in the Last Supper fresco, Da Vinci was not the only artist to depict the apostle John as a youthful and effeminate man. It was the accepted way of identifying John in paintings at the time. Renaissance paintings relied on a shared symbology in order for their stories to be understood by all during a time when most people were illiterate.
• Gnostic Gospels: I wil be doing a deeper exploration of the Gnostic Gosepls in a later post, but for now… Quite simply, the Gnostic Gospels were written more than a century after the gospels included in the New Testament. They do show a flavor of Christainity in the first few centuries of the Common Era, but they also show the influence of pre-Christain ideas being merged with the growing Christain relgion (Gnosticism predates Christainity in certain areas but was blended with Christainity after it gained popularity – similar to Voodoo in the Carribean today). The teachings of the Christain Gnostics were condemned during the Second and Third Centuries by Christian writters of the time and the Gnostic doctrine was never widely accepted outside of small pockets. Despite what the novel and Elain Pagels claim, the Gnostic texts were largley written in Egyptian and Coptic, with a smattering of Greek – not Aramaic (language spoken in Palestine during Biblical times). They were found in 1945 in a place known as Nag Hammadi in Egypt. The novel claims that the Council of Nicea threw out these texts and altered the gospels that were included in the Bible. Yet experts know that the Gnostic Gospels were not read by mainstream Christains at all – not even enough to be thought about at Nicea. Additionally, pre-Nicea and post-Nicea copies of the Gospel of John (which details the divinity of Christ) are identical. In the novel Brown typically mentions the Dead Sea scrolls – Jewish texts found in a cave not far from Jerusalem – right next to the Gnostic Gospels. Despite what the novel claims the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls (the Essences) were not Christain and kept no record any gospel – Gnostic or otherwise. They have revealed some interesting insights into Jewish scripture, however – but nothing related to Christ, the Holy Grail, or beliefs outside of mainstream Judaism. Gnostics believed in a multilayered world where the material was evil and the spiritual was good. They further believed that God as described in the Torah (Old Testmament) was the material (evil) god and that the good deity only revealed himself through Jesus who they believed to be a kind of flesh puppet for the spiritual Jesus and that the two were completely separate (i.e. Jesus the deity did not even feel pain during the crucifixtion because it wasn’t him). Most Gnostics considered being female to be a detriment to gaining salvation (in direct contradiction with the claims in the novel and the work of Pagels). At the end of the Gospel of Thomas (a Gnostic text) Jesus tells the diciples that only after Mary becomes a male can she enter the Kingdom of Heaven. The Gnostics still revered Magdalene – however, the Gnostic text Brown cites where Jesus kisses Mary on the mouth actually reads: “And the companion of the […] Mary Madgalene. […loved] her more than [all] the disciples [and used to] kiss her [often] on her […].” The gaps in the manuscripts leave much room for the imagination, but fall short of telling us the two were married.
• Technical Aspects: Tracy V. Wilson, in a great post on How Stuff Works, breaks down several technical problems with the novel such as the how GPS works, which paintings are where, what the paintings are made from, locations within Paris, gas efficiency of a SmartCar, and albinism – just to name a few of the topics she discusses in a very thoughtful manner. To be sure, Brown took the license any author has with facts such as the layout of a major city and altered them slightly to fit the narrative he wished to portray. The presence of these technical errors does not invalidate other claims he makes through his book, but it does show that he will take that license if it suits the story.
• The Holy Grail: In pre-Christain and pre-Anglo-Saxon England the Celtic peoples had a thriving culture. Among their many tales was that of a cauldron that would heal the wounded and raise the dead in addition to speaking wisdom and producing many wonders. This story is what inspired the Black Cauldron story by Lloyd Alexander, which was itself made into a Disney movie a few years back. The original tale would eventually be woven into the pre-Christain Grail cycle with heroes like the Fisher King, Perceval, and Gawain – itself a part of the larger Arthurian legends. At this point the grail is not a cauldron, but a platter or chalice with the head of a fallen warrior upon it. Once Christainity came to Great Britain the Arthurian tales took on a Chritain flavor (around 600 AD). This was something that Christain monks did to old tales to keep them around after all pagan myths and rituals were abandoned. The grail then became then vessel which Jesus drank out of at the Last Supper and which caught his blood at the crucifixtion, later brought to England by Joseph of Arimathea (the man who donated Jesus’s tomb). Through the French romances of Arthur we see the Holy Grail become an object of questing and holy reward for a chaste and sinless life. The truth is that no knight ever quested for the Grail, sacred feminine methaphor or otherwise. The roots of the grail legends lay not in Christainity, nor pagans responding to Christainity – but in the mythology of people who had never heard of Christains.

How does this all related to the idea of neomodernism? Well, part of our postmodern culture seems to view even facts as relative. The political parties are great at this – they can look at the same information and come away not just with different interpretations of the facts, but actually different facts altogether. To the neomodern, even a secular one, relative facts and playing fast-and-loose with the truth are alien. As a work of total fiction (even historical fiction) there is nothing wrong with The Da Vinci Code. But my puporting to represent facts, Brown must respect a certain fidelity to the actual facts or get criticized.

Brown’s novel would likely not have been sucessful as it has been had Brown not took on such sensitive subjects. Had he not taken license with the things he did, had he not taken up the controverial theory presented in Holy Blood, Holy Grail, and had he not put the “FACT” disclaimer at the front of his book – we wouldn’t be talking about it. But we are talking about it and if you haven’t read the book or seen the movie you might now be tempted to. That’s fine. I just wanted to arm you with some information in order to separate the fiction and the facts that come packaged together and under the same header.

In the end does it matter to Christainity if Jesus Christ had been married? As Darrel Bock noted in a recent interview on this subject, Jesus was all human and all divine. If he married, that is just part of being human. Chirstain scholars take exception to the claim that Christ married Mary Madgalene not because it would mean Jesus wasn’t the messiah but because there is nothing in Scripture (even in the heretical Gnostic Gospels) to back up such an idea. Being married would not have taken away from the significance of the life of Jesus.

One postscript to this post. The movie debuted at the Cannes film festival to a cold response. The novel was very popular in France, so this is very interesting.

Further Reading

The Secrets of Rennes-le-Château. Polidoro, Massimo. 2004.

Dan Brown and the Grail that Never Was. Lacy, Norris. Arthuriana 14.3. 2004.

Breaking the Da Vinci Code. Bock, Darrel, Ph.D. Thomas Nelson, Inc. 2004.

Celtic Myth and Legend. Squire, Charles. New Page Books 2001.

The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. VanderKam, James. Eerdmans. 1994.

The Gnostic Gospels. Pagels, Elaine. Random House, 2004. (I disagree with her take, but interesting read)

The Nag Hammadi Library. Robinson, James M. (trans). 1978. (the actual Gnostic Gospels)

The Templars. Barber, Malcolm and Bate, Keith. Manchester University Press. 2002.